Versailles Treaty Revision

Georges Clemenceau, President of France (5 things)

	blamed Germany = punishment/ ‘hard justice’
	angry = revenge.
	wanted to ’make Germany pay’ for the Damage/
	threatened = wanted independent Rhineland/ get Alsace-Lorraine/
	peace = wanted Germany weak and crippled .

Woodrow Wilson, President of America (5 things):

	14 Points
	a better world ‘safe for democracy’
	fair peace
	self-determination
	International Co-operation (League of Nations)

David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Britain (5 things)

	compromise
	punish & make Germany pay, but not revenge like France
	protect British Empire
	trade
	peace: did not want to create anger in Germany which would lead to war in the future.

Guilt

clause 231- Germany accepted blame ‘for causing all the loss and damage’ of the war.

Army (5 things)

	army: 100,000
	no submarines
	no aeroplanes
	6 battleships
	Rhineland de-militarised

Reparations

£6,600 million – in instalments, until 1984).

Germany lost land (8 things)

	Alsace-Lorraine to France
	Saar to France (15 years)
	Malmedy to Belgium
	North Schleswig to Denmark
	West Prussia and Upper Silesia to Poland
	Danzig a ‘free city’
	Memel to Lithuania
	German colonies became ‘mandates’ of the League of Nations.

League of Nations

set up.

Extra points (2 things)

	forbade Anschluss
	Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania independent states.

Unfairly treated (3 things)

	no part in the Conference talks
	forced to sign
	few of 14 Points in the Treaty.

Guilt

‘Such a confession in my mouth would be a lie’, said Count Brockdorff-Rantzau.

Armed forces

meant Germany could not defend itself against even small countries (the Dungervolker - Dung people).

Reparations

starved German children.

Germany lost territory (3 things)

	a humiliation
	contrary to self-determination
	made Germany poorer - took farm land (W Prussia) and industrial land (Saar).

League of Nations (2 things)

	an insult
	meant that Germany could not defend itself in the League of Nations.

Extra

forbidding Anschluss was against the principle of self-determination.

Results (2 things)

	riots in Berlin/the Deutsche Zeitung attacked ‘the disgraceful treaty’
	Kapp Putsch (1920) to try to overturn the Treaty.

Clemenceau

	LIKED  5 things Clause 231 disarmament Reparations Getting back Alsace-Lorraine getting mandates
	DISLIKED 2 things Saar (only getting for 15 years) wanted an independent Rhineland, not just demilitarised.

Wilson

	GOT 2 things League of Nations self-determination for Poland, Czechoslovakia etc,
	DISLIKED 5 things many of his 14 points were ignored Britain opposed freedom of seas only defeated powers were made to disarm colonies were given no say in their future American Senate refused to sign Treaty or join League of Nations.

Lloyd George

	LIKED 2 things reducing German navy getting German colonies as British mandates
	DISLIKED 2 things Wilson’s ideas about colonies and freedom of the seas Clemenceau’s harshness JM Keynes said that reparations would cause another war Harold Nicolson thought the Treaty ‘neither just nor wise'.

Big Three negotiated Versailles - other treaties designed by officials.

Outlined principles (self-determination/Guilt/Army reduced/Reparations/loss of land) - other treaties simply applied them.

League of Nations was set up by Versailles.

Major Powers were involved: how Britain and France dealt with Germany; not scared of Austria or Turkey.

Afterwards, Versailles led to Hitler and World War II

Saint Germain (with Austria, 1919), in which Austria (4 things):

	had to give land to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and Italy
	was allowed only a volunteer force of 30,000 men and no navy
	was forbidden to unite with Germany (Article 88).
	had to pay reparations.

Neuilly (with Bulgaria, 1919), in which Bulgaria (3 things):

	had to give land to Yugoslavia and Greece
	was allowed an army of only 20,000 men
	had to pay reparations.

Trianon (with Hungary, 1920), in which Hungary (3 things):

	had to give land to Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
	was allowed an army of only 35,000
	had to pay reparations.

Sèvres (with Turkey, 1920) dismantled the Turkish Empire (7 things):

	Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco became independent
	Syria became a French mandate
	Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Suez canal became British mandates
	Turkey lost Smyrna to Greece
	Turkey lost control of the Straits into the Black Sea.
	Turkey had to disarm
	Turkey had to pay reparations.

Problems [memory word: APES]

	Areas are sometimes very mixed racially
	Physical frontiers are not the same as racial areas
	Economic areas are not the same as racial areas
	Suspicion: Germans not allowed self-determination

Successes [memory word: NAME]

	Nine nations set up: (Poland, Finland, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
	Alsace-Lorraine given to France
	Minorities: countries had treat minorities fairly
	Elections (plebiscites) in 3 places: Schleswig, Upper Silesia and the Saar.

Failures [memory word: GAMES]

	Germans in Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia
	Anschluss forbidden
	Minorities existed
	Empires stayed
	Specific violations: 1919 d’Annunzio captured Fiume, 1920: Poland conquered land from Russia and Lithuania

28 Jun 1919

Treaty of Versailles signed.

19 Feb 1920

US Senate refuses to sign the Treaty of Versailles.

17 Mar 1920

Kapp Putsch (rebellion) in Germany, against the peace treaty, fails.

6 Apr 1920

French troops invade Ruhr in Germany after the German govt had sent troops into the Rhineland to stop rioting.

8 Mar 1921

French, British and Belgian troops invade the Ruhr to force Germany to agree to reparations.

11 Jan 1923

French and Belgian troops invade the Ruhr to force Germany to pay reparations.

9 Apr 1924

Dawes Plan: gives Germany longer to pay reparations, and grants huge loans to get the German economy going.

16 Oct 1925

Locarno Pact: peace agreement between Fr., Br., Belgium, Italy & Germany.

8 Sep 1926

Germany admitted to the League of Nations.

27 Aug 1928

Kellogg-Briand Pact: 65 nations (inc. Fr/Br/USA/Ger) promise to abolish war.

7 Jun 1929

The Young Plan reduces reparations.

9 Jul 1932

Lausanne Agreement: USA, France and Britain suspend reparations payments.