Poland

Hitler’s invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 started World War II.   Chamberlain declared war on 3 September.

Chamberlain

The British Prime Minister who declared war on 3 September 1939.

Phoney War

The period, September 1939 to April 1940, when war had been declared but there was no fighting – although Britain was making war preparations (gas masks, Anderson Shelters, sandbags, Home Guard etc.)

Blitzkrieg

The Nazi way of attack – ‘lighting war’.   Paratroopers caused chaos and disrupted enemy communications behind the lines, then Panzer tanks broke through and advanced rapidly, passing by enemy strong-points, which became isolated, and were finally mopped up by the Nazi infantry.

BEF

The small British Expeditionary Force which was sent to France in 1939 – only 158,000 men.

Maginot Line

The French ‘super-trench’ which the French hoped would stop Hitler – but it only stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg!   The Nazi blitzkrieg simply went over and round it.

Luftwaffe

The German airforce.   The Nazis strapped sirens to their Stuka dive-bombers to make them sound all the more terrifying when they dived.

Panzers

Nazi tanks.

Norway

Hitler’s invasion of Denmark and Norway in April 1940 brought the Phoney War – and Chamberlain’s government – to an end (Churchill became Prime Minister).   Britain tried unsuccessfully to help Norway, but the attempt was a disaster.

Gas masks

Fearing gas attacks, everybody was told to ‘carry your gas mask’.   Post-boxes were painted with yellow gas-sensitive paint to warn people.   But gas-attacks never happened, and eventually people started using their gas-mask boxes for their sandwiches.

Evacuees

By 3 September 1939, 827,000 children and 535,000 pregnant mothers had been sent out of the towns – which were expected to be bombed – to the safety of the countryside.

Slums

Many evacuees came from inner-city slums – areas of very poor housing and social and economic deprivation – and their behaviour shocked the host families.   At first, people complained, but in the long-term people realised that Britain needed a Welfare State.

Enuresis

The proper word for bed-wetting.   Many evacuees experienced this problem which – when washing had to be done by hand and hung out to dry – was a significant inconvenience.

Host

The families who received evacuees

Label

No arrangements were made for evacuees – they were sent to villages, and sat in a village hall where people went and ‘chose’ them.   Each child had a luggage label with their name on it tied to their coat.

Conscription

The call-up of people to serve the war effort in the armed forced or industry.

National Service Act

When war was declared 3 September 1939, all men aged between 18 and 40 became legally liable for call-up under the new National Service (Armed Forces) Act.  As casualties in the armed forces rose, in 1941 the age limit had to be raised to 51.

Reserved Occupations

Certain occupations – such as Tax inspectors, engineers or coal miners – were exempt, on the grounds that they were essential to the war effort at home.

LDV

250,000 men volunteered for the Local Defence Volunteers (‘Home Guard’ or ‘Dad’s Army’) on the first day of recruitment.

COs

Conscientious Objectors.   A system of tribunals was set up to which Conscientious Objectors could apply, but many employers refused to give them a job, and a total of 60,000 objectors were sent to prison.

Pacifist Service Units

Most Conscientious Objectors worked on farms, in hospitals or in the Pacifist Service Units amongst the socially deprived.  Others risked their lives with the Friends Ambulance Unit on the battlefront.

Emergency Powers Act

In May 1940, it gave the government the power to conscript workers into essential industries.

Essential Workers Order

In March 1941 it introduced conscription.  Under this, women between 20 and 30 became liable for conscription into war work.  Women with children under 14 were exempt but many volunteered anyway, encouraged by the introduction of day care nurseries.

Bevin Boys

In 1943, 22,000 ‘Bevin boys’ were conscripted to work in the mines.

Music While You Work

The wireless programme which was played to factory workers in the afternoons to keep them cheerful at work.

Dynamo

The operation to take the trapped BEF out of Dunkirk.   345,000 Allied troops were evacuated.

Lord Gort

The leader of the BEF at Dunkirk

Beaches

British propaganda (e.g. JB Priestley in his Postcripts wireless programme) gave the impression that the British soldiers had been saved from Dunkirk by small craft (eg paddle steamers) and picked up from the beaches – and was thus a testimony to British bravery and a success (the ‘myth’ of Dunkirk).   Although this did happen to a small extent on a few days, by far the majority of the soldiers were picked up from Dunkirk harbour by ferry.

Sealion

Operation Sealion was Hitler’s plan to invade Britain.

Radar

The technology which could ‘spot’ enemy aircraft flying to bomb Britain.   To keep this a secret, at first the RAF revealed that it was making its pilots eat carrots so that they could see in the dark!

Sectors

in July 1937, Air Chief Marshall Dowding was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command.   He reorganised the RAF into four Groups, each divided into a number of sectors (each with a main sector airfield with a number of supporting airfields).

Dowding’s chicks

The nickname for the young fighter pilots who fought the Battle of Britain.   In all, the RAF lost 1,173 planes and 510 pilots and gunners killed in the Battle of Britain.   Churchill said of them: ‘Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.’

Hawker Hurricane

The less well-known British plane – the Hurricane (Nov 1935) was reliable and was used to shoot down the Luftwaffe bombers.   The Spitfire (March 1936), the fastest plane in the world, was used to destroy the Nazi fighters which protected the bombers.

15 September 1940

Battle of Britain day.   Having attacked British radar stations and airfields at night for a month, the Luftwaffe came by day to take control of the skies.    At one point every British plane was in the sky – soon, some would have to come in to refuel and there were no reserves to protect them.   But the Luftwaffe turned back – it had lost the Battle of Britain and therefore turned to the Blitz.

Beaverbrook

in May 1940, Churchill put Lord Beaverbrook (owner of the Daily Express) in charge of aircraft production (nb aluminium appeals and Spitfire funds).   Beaverbrook cut through government red tape, and increased the production by 250%; in 1940, British factories produced 4,283 fighters, compared to Germany’s 3,000.

Civilian Repair Organisation

Beaverbrook set up the Civilian Repair Organisation, which made new planes from the left-over pieces of planes which had been shot down.

Cromwell

Code-word ‘Cromwell’ – invasion imminent.   On 7 September the Nazi bombing raid was so huge that a false alarm went round the south-east of England: church bells rang and the Home Guard mobilised.   One section of coast identified by the Nazis as a landing ground was defended by a Home Guard platoon with just one machine-gun!

Sorties

The word to describe a call-out of the fighter pilots to fly against a Nazi attack.

Rationing

Controls – to stop prices rising out of control – of how much people were allowed to buy of scarce commodities such as petrol (September 1939), butter, sugar, bacon, paper and meat (early 1940) and clothes (June 1941).

Coupons

People were given ration books with coupons allowing you to buy so much.   You could spend them as they became due, a little every month (e.g. how children bought their sweets), or you could save them up and get a lot at once.

U-boats

Nazi submarines – tried to starve Britain of food and raw materials by sinking merchant shipping.   From January 1942 to March 1943 7 million tons of merchant shipping was sunk.   143 ships were sunk in July 1942, and 117 ships in November 1942.

Black Market

You could always buy rationed good ‘under the counter’ of ‘off the back of a lorry’ for inflated prices – but it was illegal.

Dig for Victory

People were encouraged to grow their own vegetables and keep allotments.

Woolton

Lord Woolton was the Minister of Food.   He ran a brilliant propaganda campaign and became well-loved.

The Kitchen Front

The flagship of Woolton’s propaganda campaign, it was a wireless programme every morning which told housewives tricks how to make an interesting meal out of available foodstuffs such as potatoes.

Dr Carrot

Along with ‘Potato Pete’, two cartoon characters used by Lord Woolton to advertise the benefits of eating lots of carrots and potatoes, which were not rationed.

Utility

The government mark which guaranteed that an item had been properly made using the minimum of scarce commodities.   People bought utility furniture and clothing.

SPAM

A tinned luncheon meat that people used instead of ham – nb they also used British flour (which was poor quality and grey) instead of American flour (which was white).

COGS

A children’s club which collected things house-to-house like bottle tops, old iron, paper, wool and bones (used to make explosives and fertiliser).

Swapshops

A clothes exchange – especially popular with women with children.

Railings

Cut off as part of Beaverbrook’s campaign to collect metal – tragically, because it was all propaganda; the metal was not really needed.

Austerity fashions

It became fashionable, to show that you were ‘doing your bit’ to dress smartly but unostentatiously – to look plain.   This look became known as ‘austerity’ (hard times) fashions.

Six inches

The amount of bath water you were allowed – to cut down on heating and therefore use of coal.

Convoy

Arranging merchants ships in large groups protected by an aircraft carrier and a number of destroyers.   ‘Wide dispersal routing’ (sending convoys by different routes) made them harder for the U-boats to find.

PQ-17

Convoys to Russia – e.g. PQ–17 (24 ships sunk out of 35) and PQ–18 (10 ships sunk out of 39) – were particularly dangerous.   Another famous convoy was HX–84 – in November 1940, the HMS Jervis was sunk trying to protect it from a huge Nazo wolf-pack.

Wolf pack

Groups of Nazi U-boats which attacked merchant shipping.

Bletchley Park

The centre where the British codebreakers deciphered the German codes.

Enigma

The German Enigma code was used by the Nazi U-Boats.   Deciphering it in spring 1940 was vital in giving the Allied navies the edge in the Battle of the Atlantic.   In February 1942, however, the German code was improved, resulting in ‘the Drumbeat crisis’ when shipping losses were their greatest – until March 1943, when the German code was again broken.

ULTRA

The operation to decode Enigma.

Sonar

After 1942 the US Navy Department developed ‘console sonar’ which could plot accurate bearings using an echo ‘ping’.

Huff-duff

HF/DF, a system of analysing radio-waves whereby U-boats’ positions could be worked out from their radio transmissions.

Hedgehog

Along with ‘Squid’, a weapons system which allowed attack ships to catapult depth-charges up to 300 yards in front of the ship.

Lend-Lease

Before it entered the war, the Americans supplied Britain with vital equipment in return for the transfer of British naval bases, the free use of British patents, and a promise to be repaid after the war.   Although essential to continue the war, it was really a huge rip-off for the 50 old destroyers which formed the basis of the deal.

Atlantic Charter

Declaration of Churchill and Roosevelt in August 1941 not to stop fighting until Nazism was destroyed.

Blitz

The Nazi bombing raids on British cities, particularly London.   The raid against London started on 7-8 September 1940, and raids continued on all but 10 nights until 12 November.   The raids then targeted industrial cities such as Coventry (14 November) and ports such as Portsmouth, and Liverpool.   Improvements to radar in spring 1941 allowed the air defences began to get the better of the attackers.

Sirens

Wailing alarms sounded to warn of an air raid.   A different sound signalled the ‘all clear’ after a raid.

ARPs

Air raid precautions – the whole range of measures taken to protect people from air raids, including gas masks, blackout, barrage balloons, search lights, ack-ack (anti-aircraft) guns, sirens, shelters (including Anderson, Morrison, public shelters, and The London Underground), sandbags, taping windows, stirrup pump, incendiary bomb scoops, evacuation, Civil defence services (including the Auxiliary Fire Service, First Aiders and amublancemen), Royal Observer Corps (listening for bombers at night/ looking for planes or doodlebugs during the day), booklets and cigarette cards giving advice to householders, ARP wardens and the WVS.

Blackout

People were not allowed to show a light which could help Nazi bombers locate targets.   At first people were charged for lighting a cigarette or shining a torch, but later it mainly meant thick black curtains and headlight covers.

Anderson

Corrugated tin shelters people put into their gardens.

Morrison

Reinforced steel tables people used in their front rooms to hide under.

Ack-ack

Anti air-craft guns.   They had nixed gender crews – rumours went round that the women were sexually immoral.

Molotovs

Nickname for a cluster of incendiary bombs.

HEs

High explosives – big bombs which exploded.

Incendiaries

Bombs which caused fires.

Carpet-bombing

Random bombing of a whole area, not to attack specific targets/factories etc., but a cause fires, injuries and damage which would demoralise and distract the British.

Coventrate

After the Coventry raid (14 Nov 1940), a verb which meant to utterly destroy a whole town.

UXB

Unexploded bomb – caused disruption.

WVS

Womens’ Voluntary Service - in 1939, 10,000 women a week joined; they set up tea canteens in bombed areas, looked after shock victims, helped with First Aid and manned Incident Enquiry posts.

GIs

Aqmerican soldiers stationed in Britain in the run-up to D-Day (‘overpaid, oversexed and over here’).   They were called GIs because their equipment was marked GI (‘general issue’).

WLA

Women’s Land Army –80,000 women became 'Land Girls', to help farmers whose labourers had joined up, although 1,000 worked as rat-catchers, and 6,000 joined the Timber Corps.

ATS

Auxiliary Territorial Service – women worked on ack-ack guns, search-lights, and radar control, did sentry duty and serviced trucks and motorbikes.

WAAF

Women's Auxiliary Air Force - doing sentry duty, manning the radio, directing planes to landing and take-off - women pilots were only allowed to deliver new planes to airfields; they were NOT allowed to go into combat.

WRNS

Women's Royal Naval Service ('the Wrens') - overhauled torpedoes and depth charges, repaired mine sweepers, learned morse code and semaphore.

FANY

First Aid Nursing Yeomanry - driving ambulances and staff `cars in battle areas, and doing some nursing on the front-line.

ENSA

group of actors and singers who entertained the troops - Vera Lynn was perhaps the most famous.

Propaganda

Control of the media to manipulate public opinion to support the government

Mass Observation

The government department which monitored public opinion.

Censorship

Preventing certain information getting out which it was felt would damage morale – e.g. photos of dead children/ kamikaze pilots/ atrocities committed by British troops – or help the enemy – e.g. weather reports/ road-signs removed/ soldier’s letters crossed out.

MoI

Ministry of Information – controlled all news and propaganda during the war.

Newsreels

Shown at the movies – the main way people saw the news (or listening to the wireless).   Closely controlled and very patriotic.

Daily Worker

The Communist newspaper closed down in 1941 because it opposed the war.

Careless Talk

…costs lives.   The brilliant humorous MoI poster campaign, drawn by Kennth Bird (pen name ‘Fougasse’)

Postscripts

BBC newscasters only gave the facts without comment – but then JB Priestley would talk after the news in his Postscripts wireless programme giving a pro-British propaganda ‘twist’ to the news people had just heard.   This was brilliant propaganda, because people believed what they heard.

Churchill

British Prime Minister whose speeches helped to motivate the nation.

PWE

Political Warfare Executive, the branch of the MoI which distributed ‘black propaganda’ – propaganda designed to demoralise the enemy.

Gustav Siegfried Eins

The best example of PWE ‘black propaganda’.   Run by the journalist Sefton Delmer, Gustav Siegfried Eins was supposed to be a German wireless presenter who hated the British but also attacked Hitler.   It did the Nazi government do much damage that it was illegal punishable by death to listen to it in Germany.

Lord Haw-Haw

British presenter who gave a much less sophisticated – so extreme it was amusing – black propaganda programme: ‘Jarmany calling’.   British people listened in for a laugh.

Treachery Act 1940

Gave the government the right to execute spies – 16 people were executed during  World War II.

Internees

60,000 Germans and Austrians and 15,000 Italians were put into three categories – A: High security risk, B: doubtful cases and C: no risk – but most were imprisoned, many on the Isle of Man.

Aliens

The name given to foreigners

POWs

Prisoners of War – nb camps at Harperly and Eden Camp near Malton.

Nissen

The name for the semi-circular, corrugated iron huts in the internment and PoW camps.   The Italian PoWs on Orkney turned one of their Nissen huts into a beautifully-decorated Chapel.

Fortress Europe

Nazi-defended Europe.

Overlord

The D-Day operation.

Col Sam Bassett

Went ashore in Normandy the week before the invasion to check out the landing sites.

Mulberries

The floating harbours used for D-Day

Hobart’s funnies

Specialised vehicles designed specifically for tasks on D-Day, including a bridge-carrying tank and a floating tank which could be dropped offshore and could ‘swim’ in on its own.

Eisenhower

The American General who was Commander-in-Chief on D-Day

Omaha

The beach which the Americans found very difficult to capture.   The bombers missed the fortifications and, by chance, the defences had just been reinforced by the crack Nazi 352 division.

Bulge

The Nazi counter-attack in the Ardennes which held up the Allied advance into Germany.

VE Day

Victory in Europe Day – the surrender of Germany 8 May 1945.