 |
Weakness of Russia (7 things)
 |
Size
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Peasants
|
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Poverty
|
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Corrupt autocracy
|
|
Okrana
|
|
Censorship
|
|
= lack of support.
|
|
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War (4 things)
|
army badly led
|
|
army poorly equipped
|
|
huge defeats at (2 battles):
|
Tannenberg |
|
Masurian Lakes
|
|
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= anger and unrest.
|
|
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Tsar and Tsarina unpopular (6 things)
|
hated after Bloody Sunday 1905
|
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Tsar blamed for WWI defeats
|
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Tsarina left in charge while Tsar commanded army |
|
Tsarina gave great power to Rasputin
|
|
incompetent government
|
|
= Nicholas and Alexandra hated.
|
|
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Attacks and opposition (4 points)
|
Duma [The Cadets]
|
angry over lack of power
|
|
|
Social Revolutionary Party
|
wanted peasant revolt,
|
|
|
Social and Democratic Labour
Party
|
split into (2 parties)
|
Mensheviks |
|
Bolsheviks |
|
|
wanted Communist government
|
|
|
= Duma didn’t support Government.
|
|
|
Reforms failed (3 points)
|
Prime Minister Stolypin had tried
reform (2 reforms)
|
let kulaks buy own land |
|
tried to improve conditions for workers |
|
|
but was murdered 1911 |
|
= last chance to reform was lost.
|
|
|
Industrialisation (3 things)
|
created huge urban workforce
|
|
terrible conditions
|
|
= disaffection in Petrograd.
|
|
|
Famine (5 things)
|
Trains diverted to war effort so fewer supplies to cities
|
|
15 million men joined army
|
|
high prices
|
|
bad winter 1916-17
|
|
= demonstrations and bread riots.
|
|
|
Government (2 things)
|
Petrograd Soviet issues Order Number
1
|
workers and soldiers only obey Provisional Government if
Soviet agrees
|
|
|
= government has little power.
|
|
|
Terrible conditions (2 things)
|
Continuing war led to worse inflation and food shortages
|
|
= people feel let down.
|
|
|
Peasants (3 things)
|
Took nobles land |
|
Provisional Government sent in troops
|
|
= anger.
|
|
|
War (3 things)
|
Russian defeat in Austria
|
|
deserters executed
|
|
= naval mutiny, desertions increased.
|
|
|
Bolsheviks (5 things)
|
Lenin returned
|
|
Lenin Published his ‘April
Theses’ saying (3 things):
|
'Peace, Bread Land'
|
|
|
‘July Days’ riots,
|
|
Provisional arrested leaders but allowed Bolshevik Party to
continue
|
|
= continued power for Bolsheviks.
|
|
|
Kornilov (3 things)
|
Attempted right-wing coup August 1917
|
|
Provisional Government had to ask Bolsheviks to help
|
|
= appeared weak. |
|
|
Provisional Government weak
(Government That’s Provisional Will Be Killed).
|
Government |
|
Terrible
Conditions |
|
Peasants |
|
War |
|
Bolsheviks |
|
Kornilov |
|
|
Slogans appealed to people (2 slogans):
|
‘Peace Bread Land’
|
|
‘All Power to the soviets’.
|
|
|
Propaganda
|
Party newspaper Pravda [means ‘Truth’]
|
|
|
German Money
|
financed publicity campaigns [Germans supported Lenin to
remove Russia from war].
|
|
|
Lenin (3 things)
|
brilliant leader |
|
brilliant
organiser
|
|
single-minded (to overthrow government).
|
|
|
Army (3 things)
|
Red Guards
|
|
well trained
|
|
dedicated.
|
|
|
Organisation (2 things)
|
Central committee sent orders to soviets who sent them to
factories.
|
|
Demanded total obedience.
|
|
|
Government changes (3 things)
|
election Nov. 1917 results:
|
|
Bolshevik=175 seats, Social Revolutionaries = 370 seats
|
|
Lenin did (3 things):
|
closed Assembly
|
|
killed objectors
|
|
ruled by decree.
|
|
|
|
Brest-Litovsk (3 things)
|
Bolsheviks ended war 1917
|
|
Treaty gave good agricultural and industrial land to
Germany
|
|
Russia lost (4 regions):
|
Ukraine
|
|
Estonia
|
|
Latvia
|
|
Lithuania.
|
|
|
|
Communist state
|
Land taken from nobles and given to peasants
|
|
Elected committees of workers controlled factories.
|
|
|
Communist society (4 things)
|
Religion banned =
|
churches destroyed
|
|
priests killed
|
|
|
Labour Law = (3 things):
|
8 hour day
|
|
unemployment pay
|
|
pensions.
|
|
|
Education = (3 things):
|
Science encouraged
|
|
History and Latin banned
|
|
people taught to read.
|
|
|
Communist morals = (3 things):
|
Divorce allowed
|
|
abortion allowed
|
|
greater equality for women.
|
|
|
|
Terror (4 things)
|
Totalitarian state
|
|
CHEKA [secret police] arrested and killed opponents
|
|
Censorship
|
|
Lenin said a ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat’ was
needed until Russia was fully Communist.
|
|
|
War Communism (6 things)
|
introduced during Civil War, very harsh:
|
|
Large factories taken over by government
|
|
strikes illegal
|
|
strikers shot
|
|
Rationing
|
|
peasants forced to give surplus food to government. |
|
Russia
1917-1941
Revision 
there is an add-on