•   Losses during WWI - a few details?

•   Wilson's 14 Points (which, very briefly, were?) paved the way

•   Armistice (briefly, what were its terms?)

•   Bitterness - e.g. Geddes

•   At first Wilson was suspicious of Britain (Empire)

•   Wilson insisted that the LoN was set up first.

•   Clemenceau wanted punitive reparations

•   LG played both sides - sent Cecil (an appeaser) to negotiate the LoN, but hardliners (Sumner and Cunliffe) to negotiate reparations.  

•   Wilson and Clemenceau soon came to stalemate over LoN v reparations

•   7 May draft sent to Germans, who protest that it breaches self-determination and will destroy Germany, but

1.   14 Points (know some details)

2.   a better world ‘safe for democracy’

3.   fair peace

4.   self-determination

1.   blamed Germany = punishment/ ‘hard justice’

2.   angry = revenge.

3.   wanted to ’make Germany pay’ for the Damage = reparations

4.   threatened = wanted independent Rhineland/ get Alsace-Lorraine/

1.   compromise (nb Fontainbleau Memorandum)

2.   had promised Parliament/November 1918 election that he would punish/make Germany pay, but did not want revenge like France

3.   protect British Empire (=Mandates)/ British navy (=German navy)

4.   trade

LIKED/GOT

•   League of Nations

•   self-determination for Poland, Czechoslovakia etc,

DISLIKED

•   many of his 14 points were ignored

•   Britain opposed freedom of seas

•   only defeated powers were made to disarm

LIKED/GOT

•   Clause 231

•   disarmament

•   Reparations

•   Getting back Alsace-Lorraine

•   getting mandates

DISLIKED

•   Saar (only got for 15 years)

LIKED/GOT

•   reducing German navy

•   getting German colonies as British mandates

DISLIKED

•   Wilson’s ideas about colonies and freedom of the seas

•   Clemenceau’s harshness

•   JM Keynes said that reparations would cause another war

1.   Gave the Conference its moral authority (14 points) - regarded as great and good man from America, bringing a new world order

2.   Secured the LoN - influenced world peace for two decades/ brilliant new PRINCIPLE of 'collective security' still seen today (in UN).

3.   'Self-determination' was the dominating principle of foreign affairs for the next two decades -  countries like Estonia, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia owed their existence to him.

4.   Almost ruined the conference because he fell out with Clemenceau

1.   Demanding war-guilt/ reparations/ Rhineland angered the Germans and gave Hitler his platform.

2.   Almost ruined the conference because he fell out with Wilson

3.   Got back Alsace-Lorraine for France, and Saar for 15 years

1.   Increased the British empire by getting the mandates

2.   Secured the British navy by getting the German navy reduced to 6 ships - and the rest given to Britain at Scapa Flow/ defeated Wilson's ideas for freedom of the seas

3.   Continually mediated between Wilson and Clemenceau - the Fontainbleau Memorandum saved the Conference

4.   His determination to get a lasting peace got a Treaty which survived 20 years